What Drives Drug Prices?

Introduction

In 2016, 1 in 5 Americans reported taking four or more prescription drugs (“Public Opinion on Prescription…”, 2016). Also, high drug prices have become an increasing concern in the United States (Hancock, 2016 ; “Why Prescription Drugs…”, 2017). This project aims at exploring some of the factors associated with US prescription drug prices including disease research funding, drug need (prevalence), sales, and advertising. Additionally, we seek to understand the types of drugs that receive patents/exclusivity.

The Data

• FDA Orange Book: This contained 4 datasets: patents, exclusivity, ingredients, and products.

• Patents: Contains patent number and expiration dates of FDA approved drugs.

• Exclusivity: Contains information on drugs that were granted exclusivity by the FDA. Exclusivity provides protection from new market competition for a short time.

• Ingredients: Contained information on the active ingredients in drugs.

• Products: Contained the trade name for the drug, the company that developed the drug, and whether the drug was brand or generic.

• Drug Price: This dataset contained the prices paid by pharmacies to acquire the drug.

• NIH Funding: Contained the NIH finding for disease research areas for 2013 to 2018 (estimated) and the prevalence of the disease.

• Drug Disease: Dataset linking drugs was the disease that they treat.

• Advertising: Money spent on advertising on TV in 2016 for the top 10 most advertised drugs.

• Sales: Top 20 prescription drugs based on US sales in 2016 (in billions of dollars)

The Variables

The variables that we retained are:

• trade_name: the trade name of the drug

• drug_type: the drug type (B: Brand or G: Generic)

• otc: over the counter drug (Yes or No)

• pricing_unit: EA for each, GM for gram, and ML for milliliters

• year: the funding and pricing year

• avg_price: the average price for the particular year

• dose_form: the dose form (tablet, solution, solution injectable)

• route: route of administration (oral or IV)

• strength: the strength of the dose

• application_no: the FDA assigned number to the drug application.

• approval_year: the year the patent was approved

• app_full: the full name of the company that developed the drug

• active_ingredient: the active ingredient

• patent_num: the patent number

• pediatric_exclusivity_granted: yes or no

• year_pat_expires: the patent expiration year

• year_excl_expires: the exclusivity expiration year

• disease: the disease the drug treats

• prevalence: the disease prevalence for 2015

• US_mortality_2015: the disease mortality rate

• funding: the NIH funding for disease research in millions

• disease_type: the type disease (acute or chronic)

Data Wrangling

• The code chunks below were used for loading and tidying the data.

• We put all sub-datasets in long format. We renamed variables as necessary.

• We restricted our final dataset to contain only non-solution drugs. These drugs are described as “each” or “per gram.” We omitted all solution-type drugs because the Drug Price dataset did not specify if liquid drugs were drinkable solutions or injectable. Also all drugs were measured by two different units: mills and grams. Therefore, we could not adequately compare between solution and per gram/each type of drugs.

• The Drug Price Excel dataset had over 5 million observations. To representatively condense this dataset, we averaged monthly drug price for each drug into a yearly “avg_price” variable. Essentially, each unique drug observation had 12 drug prices for each month of a year. We averaged these 12 drug prices into one average price for the year. This condensed the Drug Price dataset to approximately 2.5 million observations.

• We joined patents, products, exclusivity, ingredient, drug_disease_data, final_nih_funding, and drug_price and chronic_diseases_final into our Final Dataset named final_dataset. We used the variables ingredient, appl_no, product_no, drug_type, trade_name, otc, and disease as keys for joining (inner and left).

library(tidyverse)

## Warning: package 'dplyr' was built under R version 3.4.2

library(dplyr)
library(rvest)
library(httr)
library(janitor)
library(stringr)
library(forcats)
library(tidytext)

## Warning: package 'tidytext' was built under R version 3.4.2

library(viridis)
library(broom)
library(plotly)
library(forcats)
library(readxl)

Dataset 1: Drug Prices

• Scrapping and Saving as CSV the Drug Price to speed up run-time.

# # API code
# url = "https://data.medicaid.gov/resource/tau9-gfwr.csv"
# drug_price =
#   GET(url, query = list("$limit" = 9999999)) %>%
#   content("parsed") %>%
#   clean_names()

# # CSV code
drug_price =
  read_csv("../data/drug_price.csv") %>%
  clean_names()

## Warning: Missing column names filled in: 'X1' [1]

## Parsed with column specification:
## cols(
##   X1 = col_integer(),
##   as_of_date = col_date(format = ""),
##   classification_for_rate_setting = col_character(),
##   corresponding_generic_drug_effective_date = col_character(),
##   corresponding_generic_drug_nadac_per_unit = col_character(),
##   effective_date = col_date(format = ""),
##   explanation_code = col_character(),
##   nadac_per_unit = col_double(),
##   ndc = col_character(),
##   ndc_description = col_character(),
##   otc = col_character(),
##   pharmacy_type_indicator = col_character(),
##   pricing_unit = col_character()
## )

• The raw drug_price dataset is huge and takes a while to load.
• It contains weekly drug prices from november 2013 to october 2017 recorded. There are 4902795 observations and 13 variables in the dataset:
  • as_of_date: date of data posting
  • classification_for_rate_setting: indicates whether, for NADAC calculation, the NDC was considered brand (‘B’) or generic (‘G’) or brand (‘B’) approved under an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) (‘B-ANDA’).
  • corresponding_generic_drug_effecitve_date: effective date of when the Corresponding Generic Drug NADAC Per Unit is assigned to a multiple source brand drug NDC
  • corresponding_generic_drug_nadac_per_unit: NADAC for the corresponding generic drug
  • effective_date: effective date of the NADAC Per Unit cost
  • explanation_code: codes that pertain to how the NADAC was calculated. see explanation code descriptions here
  • nadac_per_unit: National Average Drug Acquisition Cost per unit
  • ndc: 11-digit FDA code that includes the labeler code, product code, and package code
  • ndc_description: drug name, strength, and dosage form of the drug
  • otc: over-the-counter (OTC) product (‘Y’ or ‘N’)
  • pharmacy_type_indicator: source of pharmacy survey data used to calculate the NADAC. ‘C/I’ indicates data was collected from surveys of Chain/Independent pharmacies. Other pharmacy type indicators are not used at this time.
  • pricing_unit: pricing unit for the associated NDC (‘ML’, ‘GM’ or ‘EA’)

• We will focus on the variables effective_date, ndc, ndc_description, otc, classification_for_rate_setting, pricing_unit, and nadac_per_unit. We will rename the variables effective_date, ndc_description, classification_for_rate_setting, and nadac_per_unit as date, drug_name, drug_type, and unit_price respectively. We will also split the date variable into the year, month and date variables.

• Cleaning Drug Price Dataset

drug_price = 
  drug_price %>%
  rename(trade_name = ndc_description,
         drug_type = classification_for_rate_setting,
         unit_price = nadac_per_unit) %>%
  mutate(trade_name = str_replace(trade_name, "[0-9]", "_"),
         trade_name = str_to_title(trade_name),
         otc = recode(otc, "Y" = "yes", "N" = "no"),
         otc = str_to_title(otc),
         otc = as.factor(otc)) %>% 
  separate(trade_name, into = c("trade_name", "remove"), sep = "_") %>% 
  separate(effective_date, into = c("year", "month", "date")) %>%
  select(-c(date, x1, remove)) %>%
  mutate(trade_name = trimws(trade_name, which = c("both"))) %>% 
  separate(trade_name, into = c("trade_name", "remove"), sep = " ") %>% 
  filter(is.na(remove)) %>%
  select(-remove) %>% 
  filter(pricing_unit == "GM" | pricing_unit == "EA") %>% 
  select(trade_name, everything()) 

## Warning: Too few values at 308308 locations: 1, 2, 7, 17, 18, 19, 30, 45,
## 48, 56, 59, 60, 64, 66, 68, 85, 86, 87, 92, 107, ...

## Warning: Too many values at 592722 locations: 5, 17, 18, 48, 68, 112, 128,
## 136, 138, 173, 196, 215, 222, 231, 235, 241, 265, 273, 279, 294, ...

## Warning: Too few values at 2730099 locations: 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
## 13, 15, 16, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, ...

new_drug_price = drug_price %>% 
  group_by(trade_name, drug_type, otc, pricing_unit, year) %>% 
  summarize(avg_price = mean(unit_price, na.rm = TRUE))

new_drug_price

## # A tibble: 6,023 x 6
## # Groups:   trade_name, drug_type, otc, pricing_unit [?]
##    trade_name drug_type    otc pricing_unit  year avg_price
##         <chr>     <chr> <fctr>        <chr> <chr>     <dbl>
##  1                    G    Yes           EA  2013 0.2434375
##  2                    G    Yes           EA  2014 0.2430778
##  3                    G    Yes           EA  2015 0.2556137
##  4                    G    Yes           EA  2016 0.2538263
##  5                    G    Yes           EA  2017 0.2339103
##  6                    G    Yes           GM  2016 0.3077704
##  7                    G    Yes           GM  2017 0.3087167
##  8   Abacavir         G     No           EA  2013 5.3170850
##  9   Abacavir         G     No           EA  2014 4.7696039
## 10   Abacavir         G     No           EA  2015 3.6822746
## # ... with 6,013 more rows

Dataset 2: Funding for Research

• The NIH RCDC Report
• This dataset contains the annual support for various disease categories based on grants, contracts, and other funding mechanisms used across the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Prevalence and mortality data included in this dataset is from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) at the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). *Funding for 2018 are estimated figures.

url = "https://report.nih.gov/categorical_spending.aspx"
NIH_xml = read_html(url)
NIH_funding = (NIH_xml %>% html_nodes(css = "table"))[[3]] %>% html_table() %>% as_tibble()
NIH_funding = NIH_funding %>%
  clean_names() %>%
  mutate(US_mortality_2015 = x2015_us_mortality_19)

NIH_funding$x2015_us_prevalence_standard_error_19  = recode(NIH_funding$x2015_us_prevalence_standard_error_19 , "-" = "NA")
NIH_funding$US_mortality_2015 = recode(NIH_funding$US_mortality_2015, "-" = "NA")

NIH_funding = NIH_funding %>%
  separate(x2015_us_prevalence_standard_error_19, into = c("prevalence", "remove"), sep = "\\%") %>%
  select(-x2015_us_mortality_19, -remove)

## Warning: Too many values at 36 locations: 7, 19, 21, 24, 25, 35, 37, 40,
## 46, 48, 54, 59, 74, 80, 81, 89, 93, 114, 115, 117, ...

## Warning: Too few values at 246 locations: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11,
## 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, ...

NIH_funding$fy_2013actual = recode(NIH_funding$fy_2013actual, "+" = "NNA")
NIH_funding$fy_2014actual = recode(NIH_funding$fy_2014actual, "+" = "NNA")
NIH_funding$fy_2015actual = recode(NIH_funding$fy_2015actual, "+" = "NNA")
NIH_funding$fy_2016actual = recode(NIH_funding$fy_2016actual, "+" = "NNA")

NIH_funding = NIH_funding %>%
  mutate(fy_2013 = as.numeric(substring(fy_2013actual, 2))) %>%
  mutate(fy_2014 = as.numeric(substring(fy_2014actual, 2))) %>%
  mutate(fy_2015 = as.numeric(substring(fy_2015actual, 2))) %>%
  mutate(fy_2016 = as.numeric(substring(fy_2016actual, 2))) %>%
  mutate(fy_2017 = as.numeric(substring(fy_2017estimated_enacted, 2))) %>%
  mutate(fy_2018estimated = as.numeric(substring(fy_2018estimated, 2))) 

## Warning in evalq(as.numeric(substring(fy_2013actual, 2)), <environment>):
## NAs introduced by coercion

## Warning in evalq(as.numeric(substring(fy_2014actual, 2)), <environment>):
## NAs introduced by coercion

## Warning in evalq(as.numeric(substring(fy_2015actual, 2)), <environment>):
## NAs introduced by coercion

## Warning in evalq(as.numeric(substring(fy_2016actual, 2)), <environment>):
## NAs introduced by coercion

## Warning in evalq(as.numeric(substring(fy_2017estimated_enacted, 2)),
## <environment>): NAs introduced by coercion

## Warning in evalq(as.numeric(substring(fy_2018estimated, 2)),
## <environment>): NAs introduced by coercion

NIH_funding$prevalence = as.numeric(NIH_funding$prevalence)

## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion

NIH_funding$US_mortality_2015 = as.numeric(NIH_funding$US_mortality_2015)

## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion

NIH_funding = NIH_funding %>%
  select(-c(fy_2013actual, fy_2014actual, fy_2015actual, fy_2016actual, fy_2017estimated_enacted))

final_NIH_funding = NIH_funding %>%
  rename(disease = research_disease_areas_dollars_in_millions_and_rounded, 
         '2013' = fy_2013,
         '2014' = fy_2014,
         '2015' = fy_2015,
         '2016' = fy_2016,
         '2017' = fy_2017,
         '2018' = fy_2018estimated) %>%
  gather(key = "year", value = funding, c("2013", "2014", "2015", "2016", "2017", "2018")) %>% 
  mutate(disease = str_replace(disease, "[0-9]", "_"),
         disease = str_replace(disease, "\\-", ""),
         disease = str_replace(disease, "ALS", "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"),
         disease = str_replace(disease, "Sleep Research", "Sleep Disorders"),
         disease = str_replace(disease, "Smoking and Health", "Smoking Cessation")) %>% 
  separate(disease, into = c("disease", "remove"), sep = "\\_") %>% 
  select(-remove) %>% 
  separate(disease, into = c("disease", "remove"), sep = "\\(") %>% 
  select(-remove)

## Warning: Too few values at 1524 locations: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13,
## 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, ...

## Warning: Too few values at 1566 locations: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13,
## 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, ...

rm(NIH_funding)

final_NIH_funding

## # A tibble: 1,692 x 5
##                                                                 disease
##  *                                                                <chr>
##  1                                        Acquired Cognitive Impairment
##  2                                  Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
##  3                                           Adolescent Sexual Activity
##  4                                                Agent Orange & Dioxin
##  5                                                                Aging
##  6                                  Alcoholism, Alcohol Use and Health 
##  7                                                   Allergic Rhinitis 
##  8                                        Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
##  9                                                  Alzheimer's Disease
## 10 Alzheimer's Disease including Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementias 
## # ... with 1,682 more rows, and 4 more variables: prevalence <dbl>,
## #   US_mortality_2015 <dbl>, year <chr>, funding <dbl>

Dataset 3: Patents

• The Patents dataset from the FDA Orange Book

• Below is a description of the dataset and variables from https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/InformationOnDrugs/ucm129689.htm

• New Drug Application Type: The type of new drug application approval, either New Drug Applications(NDA or innovator) or Abbreviated New Drug Applications(ANDA or generic)

• New Drug Application (NDA) Number (appl_no) : The FDA assigned number to the application.

• Product Number: The FDA assigned number to identify the application products. Each strength is a separate product. May repeat for multiple part products.

• Patent Number (patent_num): Patent numbers as submitted by the applicant holder for patents covered by the statutory provisions. May repeat for multiple applications and multiple products.

• Pediatric Exclusivity Granted: Yes or No. Was pediatric exclusivity granted by the agency?

• Patent Expire Date: The date the patent expires as submitted by the applicant holder including applicable extensions. This was split into Year, Month, and Day variables

• Drug Substance Flag: Patents submitted on FDA Form 3542 and listed after August 18, 2003 may have a drug substance flag indicating the sponsor submitted the patent as claiming the drug substance.

• Drug Product Flag: Patents submitted on FDA Form 3542 and listed after August 18, 2003 may have a drug product flag indicating the sponsor submitted the patent as claiming the drug product.

• Patent Use Code: Code to designate a use patent that covers the approved indication or use of a drug product. May repeat for multiple applications, multiple products and multiple patents.

• Patent Delist Request Flag: Sponsor has requested patent be delisted. This patent has remained listed because, under Section 505(j)(5)(D)(i) of the Act, a first applicant may retain eligibility for 180-day exclusivity based on a paragraph IV certification to this patent for a certain period. Applicants under Section 505(b)(2) are not required to certify to patents where this flag is set to Y.

patents = read_csv("./data/patent.csv")

## Parsed with column specification:
## cols(
##   appl_type = col_character(),
##   appl_no = col_integer(),
##   product_no = col_integer(),
##   patent_no = col_character(),
##   patexpstr = col_character(),
##   patexp = col_character(),
##   drugsub = col_character(),
##   drugprod = col_character(),
##   patuse = col_character(),
##   delist = col_character()
## )

patents = patents %>% 
  clean_names() %>%
  rename(drug_type = appl_type) %>% 
  mutate(drug_type = recode(drug_type, "N" = "B")) %>%
  separate(patexp, into = c("month_pat_expires", "day_pat_expires", "year_pat_expires"), sep = "/") %>%
  separate(patent_no, into = c("patent_num", "pediatric_exclusivity_granted"), sep = "\\*")

## Warning: Too few values at 12167 locations: 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12,
## 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, ...

patents$pediatric_exclusivity_granted[is.na(patents$pediatric_exclusivity_granted)] = "no"
patents$drugsub[is.na(patents$drugsub)] = "no"
patents$drugprod[is.na(patents$drugprod)] = "no"
patents$delist[is.na(patents$delist)] = "no"

patents = patents %>%
  mutate(pediatric_exclusivity_granted = factor(pediatric_exclusivity_granted, levels = c("no", "PED"), labels = c("No", "Yes"))) %>%
  mutate(drug_substance_flag = factor(drugsub, levels = c("no", "Y"), labels = c("no", "yes"))) %>%
  mutate(drug_prod_flag = factor(drugprod, levels = c("no", "Y"), labels = c("no", "yes"))) %>%
  mutate(patent_delisted = factor(delist, levels = c("no", "Y"), labels = c("no", "yes"))) %>%
  select(-drugsub, -drugprod, -patexpstr) %>%
  rename(pat_use_code = patuse)
patents

## # A tibble: 13,858 x 13
##    drug_type appl_no product_no patent_num pediatric_exclusivity_granted
##        <chr>   <int>      <int>      <chr>                        <fctr>
##  1         B   22425          1    5223510                            No
##  2         B   22425          1    5223510                            No
##  3         B   22307          1    5288726                            No
##  4         B   22307          1    5288726                           Yes
##  5         B   21462          1    5344932                            No
##  6         B   21462          1    5344932                           Yes
##  7         B   22088          1    5362718                            No
##  8         B   22088          1    5362718                           Yes
##  9         B   21060          1    5364842                            No
## 10         B   21060          1    5364842                            No
## # ... with 13,848 more rows, and 8 more variables:
## #   month_pat_expires <chr>, day_pat_expires <chr>,
## #   year_pat_expires <chr>, pat_use_code <chr>, delist <chr>,
## #   drug_substance_flag <fctr>, drug_prod_flag <fctr>,
## #   patent_delisted <fctr>

Dataset 4: Products

*The Products dataset from the FDA Orange Book

• Below is a description of the dataset and variables from https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/InformationOnDrugs/ucm129689.htm

• Ingredient: The active ingredient(s) for the product. Multiple ingredients are in alphabetical order, separated by a semicolon.

• Dose form;The product dosage form

• Route: Product dosage route

• Trade_Name: The trade name of the product as shown on the labeling.

• Applicant: The firm name holding legal responsibility for the new drug application. The firm name is condensed to a maximum twenty character unique string.

• Strength: The potency of the active ingredient. May repeat for multiple part products.

• Drug Application Type: The type of new drug application approval. NDA orANDA as for patents dataset.

• New Drug Application (NDA) Number: The FDA assigned number to the application.

• Product Number: The FDA assigned number to identify the application products. Each strength is a separate product. May repeat for multiple part products.

• Therapeutic Equivalence (TE) Code: The TE Code indicates the therapeutic equivalence rating of generic to innovator Rx products.

• Approval Date: The date the product was approved as stated in the FDA approval letter to the applicant. Products approved prior to the January 1, 1982 contain the phrase: “Approved prior to Jan 1, 1982”. This separated into Year, Month, and Day variables.

• Reference Listed Drug (RLD) Updated: The RLD is a drug product approved under section 505(c) of the FD&C Act for which FDA has made a finding of safety and effectiveness. In the electronic Orange Book, an RLD is identified by “RLD” in the RLD column.

• Reference Standard (RS) New! :A “reference standard” is the drug product selected by FDA that an applicant seeking approval of an ANDA must use in conducting an in vivo bioequivalence study required for approval of an ANDA. In the electronic Orange Book, a reference standard is identified by “RS” in the RS column.

*Type: The group or category of approved drugs. RX (prescription), OTC (over the counter), or DISCN (discontinued).

*Applicant Full Name: The full name of the firm holding legal responsibility for the new drug application.

products = read_csv("./data/products.csv")

## Parsed with column specification:
## cols(
##   ingredient = col_character(),
##   dfroute = col_character(),
##   doseform = col_character(),
##   route = col_character(),
##   trade_name = col_character(),
##   applicant = col_character(),
##   strength = col_character(),
##   appl_type = col_character(),
##   appl_no = col_integer(),
##   product_no = col_integer(),
##   tecodestr = col_character(),
##   tecode = col_integer(),
##   appdatestr = col_character(),
##   appdate = col_character(),
##   rld = col_character(),
##   rs = col_character(),
##   type = col_character(),
##   appfull = col_character()
## )

products = products %>%
  rename(drug_type = appl_type,
         otc = type) %>% 
  mutate(drug_type = recode(drug_type, "A" = "G", "N" = "B"),
         otc = recode(otc, "OTC" = "yes", "RX" = "no", "DISCN" = "no")) %>%
  separate(appdate, into = c("approval_month", "approval_day", "approval_year"), sep = "/") %>%
  #separate(doseform, into = c("form", "release_type"), sep = ",")
  mutate(otc = factor(otc)) %>%
  mutate(ref_listed_drug = factor(rld)) %>%
  mutate(ref_std = factor(rs)) %>%
  select(-appdatestr, -rld, -rs, -dfroute)
products

## # A tibble: 34,209 x 18
##                                           ingredient doseform route
##                                                <chr>    <chr> <chr>
##  1                                  ABACAVIR SULFATE SOLUTION  ORAL
##  2                                  ABACAVIR SULFATE SOLUTION  ORAL
##  3                                  ABACAVIR SULFATE   TABLET  ORAL
##  4                                  ABACAVIR SULFATE   TABLET  ORAL
##  5                                  ABACAVIR SULFATE   TABLET  ORAL
##  6                                  ABACAVIR SULFATE   TABLET  ORAL
##  7                                  ABACAVIR SULFATE   TABLET  ORAL
##  8                                  ABACAVIR SULFATE   TABLET  ORAL
##  9 ABACAVIR SULFATE; DOLUTEGRAVIR SODIUM; LAMIVUDINE   TABLET  ORAL
## 10                      ABACAVIR SULFATE; LAMIVUDINE   TABLET  ORAL
## # ... with 34,199 more rows, and 15 more variables: trade_name <chr>,
## #   applicant <chr>, strength <chr>, drug_type <chr>, appl_no <int>,
## #   product_no <int>, tecodestr <chr>, tecode <int>, approval_month <chr>,
## #   approval_day <chr>, approval_year <chr>, otc <fctr>, appfull <chr>,
## #   ref_listed_drug <fctr>, ref_std <fctr>

Dataset 5: Exclusivity

We load and tidy the exclusivity dataset

exclusivity = read_csv("./data/exclusivity.csv") %>%
  clean_names() %>%
  rename(drug_type = appl_type) %>% 
  mutate(drug_type = recode(drug_type, "A" = "G", "N" = "B")) %>% 
  separate(excldate, into = c("month_excl_expires", "date_excl_expires", "year_excl_expires"))

## Parsed with column specification:
## cols(
##   appl_type = col_character(),
##   appl_no = col_integer(),
##   product_no = col_integer(),
##   exclcode = col_character(),
##   excldatestr = col_character(),
##   excldate = col_character()
## )

exclusivity

## # A tibble: 1,806 x 8
##    drug_type appl_no product_no exclcode  excldatestr month_excl_expires
##  *     <chr>   <int>      <int>    <chr>        <chr>              <chr>
##  1         G   65488          1       PC Mar 26, 2018                  3
##  2         G   65488          2       PC Mar 26, 2018                  3
##  3         G   78276          1       PC Apr 24, 2017                  4
##  4         G   78276          2       PC Apr 24, 2017                  4
##  5         G   78276          3       PC Apr 24, 2017                  4
##  6         G   78340          1       PC Jul 30, 2016                  7
##  7         G   78340          2       PC Jul 30, 2016                  7
##  8         G   78560          1       PC Jun 10, 2017                  6
##  9         G   78827          1       PC Apr 24, 2017                  4
## 10         G   78827          2       PC Apr 24, 2017                  4
## # ... with 1,796 more rows, and 2 more variables: date_excl_expires <chr>,
## #   year_excl_expires <chr>

The tidied exclusivity dataset has 1806 observations and 8 variables:

• year, month, and date the exclusivity expires
• appl_type: type of new drug application approval. New Drug Applications (NDA or innovator) are “N”. Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDA or generic) are “A”.
• appl_no: FDA assigned number to the application. Format is nnnnnn.
• product_no: FDA assigned number to identify the application products. Each strength is a separate product. May repeat for multiple part products. Format is nnn.
• exclcode: Code to designate exclusivity granted by the FDA to a drug product. Format is nnnnnnnnnn.
• excldatestr: The date the exclusivity expires. Format is MMM DD, YYYY.

Dataset 6: Ingredient

We load the ingredient dataset.

ingredient = read_csv("./data/ingredient.csv") %>%
  clean_names() %>%
  select(singnum, singredient, everything())

## Parsed with column specification:
## cols(
##   ingredient = col_character(),
##   singnum = col_integer(),
##   singredient = col_character()
## )

ingredient

## # A tibble: 3,371 x 3
##    singnum         singredient
##      <int>               <chr>
##  1       1    ABACAVIR SULFATE
##  2       1    ABACAVIR SULFATE
##  3       2 DOLUTEGRAVIR SODIUM
##  4       3          LAMIVUDINE
##  5       1    ABACAVIR SULFATE
##  6       2          LAMIVUDINE
##  7       1    ABACAVIR SULFATE
##  8       2          LAMIVUDINE
##  9       3          ZIDOVUDINE
## 10       1       ABALOPARATIDE
## # ... with 3,361 more rows, and 1 more variables: ingredient <chr>

The tidied ingredient dataset has 3371 observations and 3 variables:

• singnum: The number assigned to the single ingredient for each product.
• singredient: each single ingredient in the product.
• ingredient: The active ingredient(s) for the product. Multiple ingredients are in alphabetical order, separated by a semicolon.

Dataset 7: Drug by Condition

Scraping data on drugs per condition from this website

urls = paste("https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/medical-conditions/", toupper(letters), sep = "")

get_drug_disease = function(url) {
  
  disease_data = read_html(url) %>% 
  html_nodes(css = ".ToggleDrugCategory") %>%
  html_text() %>% 
  as_tibble() %>% 
  mutate(key = value) %>% 
  rename(disease = value)
  
  drug_data = read_html(url) %>% 
  html_nodes(css = ".CategoryListSection a:nth-child(1)") %>%
  html_text() %>% 
  as_tibble() %>% 
  mutate(key = value) %>% 
  rename(drug = value)
  
  drug_disease_data = read_html(url) %>% 
  html_nodes(css = "#MainColumn a:nth-child(1)") %>%
  html_text() %>% 
  as_tibble() %>% 
  mutate(key = value) %>% 
  rename(drug_disease = value)
  
  drug_disease_joined = left_join(drug_disease_data, drug_data, disease_data, by = "key") %>% 
  left_join(., disease_data, by = "key") %>%
  fill(disease) %>%
  select(-c(drug,drug_disease))
  
  toremove = drug_disease_joined %>% distinct(disease) %>% pull()
  
  drug_disease_joined = drug_disease_joined %>% 
  filter(!key %in% toremove) %>% 
  rename(drug = key) %>% 
  .[-c(1:29),]
  
  drug_disease_joined
}

drug_disease_data = map_df(urls, get_drug_disease) %>% 
  mutate(disease = str_to_title(disease),
         drug = str_to_title(drug)) %>% 
  rename(trade_name = drug) %>%
  mutate(trade_name = trimws(trade_name, which = c("both"))) %>% 
  separate(trade_name, into = c("trade_name", "remove"), sep = " ") %>% 
  select(-remove)

## Warning: Too many values at 961 locations: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
## 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, ...

## Warning: Too few values at 139 locations: 7, 64, 68, 76, 109, 122, 132,
## 144, 145, 161, 162, 173, 174, 188, 197, 207, 221, 223, 228, 231, ...

drug_disease_data

## # A tibble: 1,883 x 2
##     trade_name disease
##  *       <chr>   <chr>
##  1       Avita    Acne
##  2  Benzamycin    Acne
##  3 Clindamycin    Acne
##  4 Clindamycin    Acne
##  5    Differin    Acne
##  6   Estrostep    Acne
##  7     Finevin    Acne
##  8      Klaron    Acne
##  9       Ortho    Acne
## 10     Retin-A    Acne
## # ... with 1,873 more rows

The drug_disease_data contains 1883 observations and 2 variables:

• drug: the drug name
• disease: the disease name

Dataset 8: Chronic Diseases

#first dataset
chronic_diseases_1_html = read_html("https://www.medicalschemes.com/medical_schemes_pmb/chronic_disease_list.htm")
chronic_diseases_1 = chronic_diseases_1_html %>%
  html_nodes("td td td .maintext") %>%
  html_text() %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  rename(disease = value)

#second dataset
chronic_diseases_2_html = read_html("http://www.health24.com/Medical-schemes/PMB-and-chronic-disease/List-of-chronic-diseases-20120721")
chronic_diseases_2 = chronic_diseases_2_html %>%
  html_nodes("ul:nth-child(10) li , ul:nth-child(10) a") %>%
  html_text() %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  rename(disease = value)

#third dataset
chronic_diseases_3_html = read_html("https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/Chronic-Conditions/CC_Main.html")
chronic_diseases_3 = chronic_diseases_3_html %>%
  html_nodes("td") %>%
  html_text() %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  rename(disease = value)

#final chronic disease dataset
chronic_diseases = rbind(chronic_diseases_1, chronic_diseases_2, chronic_diseases_3) %>%
  distinct()

#recode diseases
chronic_diseases$disease[62] = "Cancer"
chronic_diseases$disease[67] = "High Blood Pressure"
chronic_diseases$disease[43] = "High cholesterol"
chronic_diseases$disease[60] = "Austism"
chronic_diseases$disease[55] = "Arthritis"
chronic_diseases$disease[46] = "Hypothyroidism"
chronic_diseases$disease[38] = "Dysrhythmia"
chronic_diseases$disease[66] = "inactive thyroid gland"
chronic_diseases$disease[53] = "alzheimer's disease"
chronic_diseases$disease[26] = "Dementia"
chronic_diseases$disease[56] = "Hepatitis"
chronic_diseases$disease[71] = "COPD"

Join Datasets

#A: join datasets by ingredient for ingredient and products (left join)
#products = longer dataset + ingredient
product_ingredient = left_join(products, ingredient, by = "ingredient")
product_ingredient

## # A tibble: 40,443 x 20
##                                           ingredient doseform route
##                                                <chr>    <chr> <chr>
##  1                                  ABACAVIR SULFATE SOLUTION  ORAL
##  2                                  ABACAVIR SULFATE SOLUTION  ORAL
##  3                                  ABACAVIR SULFATE   TABLET  ORAL
##  4                                  ABACAVIR SULFATE   TABLET  ORAL
##  5                                  ABACAVIR SULFATE   TABLET  ORAL
##  6                                  ABACAVIR SULFATE   TABLET  ORAL
##  7                                  ABACAVIR SULFATE   TABLET  ORAL
##  8                                  ABACAVIR SULFATE   TABLET  ORAL
##  9 ABACAVIR SULFATE; DOLUTEGRAVIR SODIUM; LAMIVUDINE   TABLET  ORAL
## 10 ABACAVIR SULFATE; DOLUTEGRAVIR SODIUM; LAMIVUDINE   TABLET  ORAL
## # ... with 40,433 more rows, and 17 more variables: trade_name <chr>,
## #   applicant <chr>, strength <chr>, drug_type <chr>, appl_no <int>,
## #   product_no <int>, tecodestr <chr>, tecode <int>, approval_month <chr>,
## #   approval_day <chr>, approval_year <chr>, otc <fctr>, appfull <chr>,
## #   ref_listed_drug <fctr>, ref_std <fctr>, singnum <int>,
## #   singredient <chr>

#B: exclusivity and patents left join (more~less)
patent_exclusivity = left_join(patents, exclusivity, by = c("appl_no", "product_no", "drug_type"))
patent_exclusivity

## # A tibble: 22,379 x 18
##    drug_type appl_no product_no patent_num pediatric_exclusivity_granted
##        <chr>   <int>      <int>      <chr>                        <fctr>
##  1         B   22425          1    5223510                            No
##  2         B   22425          1    5223510                            No
##  3         B   22307          1    5288726                            No
##  4         B   22307          1    5288726                            No
##  5         B   22307          1    5288726                           Yes
##  6         B   22307          1    5288726                           Yes
##  7         B   21462          1    5344932                            No
##  8         B   21462          1    5344932                           Yes
##  9         B   22088          1    5362718                            No
## 10         B   22088          1    5362718                           Yes
## # ... with 22,369 more rows, and 13 more variables:
## #   month_pat_expires <chr>, day_pat_expires <chr>,
## #   year_pat_expires <chr>, pat_use_code <chr>, delist <chr>,
## #   drug_substance_flag <fctr>, drug_prod_flag <fctr>,
## #   patent_delisted <fctr>, exclcode <chr>, excldatestr <chr>,
## #   month_excl_expires <chr>, date_excl_expires <chr>,
## #   year_excl_expires <chr>

#C: join A and B left join: "Orange Book." Thursday: meet to eliminate variables (inner join: only commonalities are preserved) #eliminate drugs that do not match
orange_book = left_join(product_ingredient, patent_exclusivity, by = c("appl_no", "product_no", "drug_type"))

orange_book = orange_book %>%
  mutate(ingredient = str_to_title(ingredient),
         doseform = str_to_title(doseform),
         route = str_to_title(route),
         trade_name = str_to_title(trade_name),
         applicant = str_to_title(applicant),
         otc = str_to_title(otc),
         appfull = str_to_title(appfull),
         singredient = str_to_title(singredient),
         strength = str_to_title(strength))
orange_book

## # A tibble: 64,423 x 35
##          ingredient doseform route       trade_name            applicant
##               <chr>    <chr> <chr>            <chr>                <chr>
##  1 Abacavir Sulfate Solution  Oral Abacavir Sulfate  Hetero Labs Ltd Iii
##  2 Abacavir Sulfate Solution  Oral           Ziagen        Viiv Hlthcare
##  3 Abacavir Sulfate Solution  Oral           Ziagen        Viiv Hlthcare
##  4 Abacavir Sulfate Solution  Oral           Ziagen        Viiv Hlthcare
##  5 Abacavir Sulfate Solution  Oral           Ziagen        Viiv Hlthcare
##  6 Abacavir Sulfate   Tablet  Oral Abacavir Sulfate           Apotex Inc
##  7 Abacavir Sulfate   Tablet  Oral Abacavir Sulfate Aurobindo Pharma Ltd
##  8 Abacavir Sulfate   Tablet  Oral Abacavir Sulfate  Hetero Labs Ltd Iii
##  9 Abacavir Sulfate   Tablet  Oral Abacavir Sulfate     Mylan Pharms Inc
## 10 Abacavir Sulfate   Tablet  Oral Abacavir Sulfate       Strides Pharma
## # ... with 64,413 more rows, and 30 more variables: strength <chr>,
## #   drug_type <chr>, appl_no <int>, product_no <int>, tecodestr <chr>,
## #   tecode <int>, approval_month <chr>, approval_day <chr>,
## #   approval_year <chr>, otc <chr>, appfull <chr>, ref_listed_drug <fctr>,
## #   ref_std <fctr>, singnum <int>, singredient <chr>, patent_num <chr>,
## #   pediatric_exclusivity_granted <fctr>, month_pat_expires <chr>,
## #   day_pat_expires <chr>, year_pat_expires <chr>, pat_use_code <chr>,
## #   delist <chr>, drug_substance_flag <fctr>, drug_prod_flag <fctr>,
## #   patent_delisted <fctr>, exclcode <chr>, excldatestr <chr>,
## #   month_excl_expires <chr>, date_excl_expires <chr>,
## #   year_excl_expires <chr>

# final goal: disease, funding, drug prices, and Orange Book

# eliminate unnecessary variables from orange book dataset
orange_book_clean = orange_book %>%
  rename(application_no = appl_no, 
         active_ingredient = singredient, 
         dose_form = doseform) %>%
  select(-c(ingredient, applicant, product_no, tecodestr, tecode, approval_day, ref_std, singnum, day_pat_expires, pat_use_code, drug_substance_flag, drug_prod_flag, exclcode, excldatestr, date_excl_expires)) %>% 
  select(trade_name, everything()) %>% 
  separate(dose_form, into = c("dose_form", "remove")) %>%
  filter(is.na(remove)) %>% 
  select(-remove) %>% 
  filter(str_detect(dose_form, regex("Tablet", ignore_case = TRUE))) %>%
  mutate(trade_name = trimws(trade_name, which = c("both")),
         trade_name = str_replace_all(trade_name, ", ", "-"),
         trade_name = str_replace_all(trade_name, " And ", "-"))

## Warning: Too many values at 8293 locations: 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 153, 154,
## 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 634, 635, 636, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, ...

## Warning: Too few values at 51953 locations: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
## 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, ...

# inner join of disease drug and orange book by trade_name
final_dataset =
  new_drug_price %>%
  inner_join(., orange_book_clean, by = c("trade_name", "drug_type", "otc")) %>% 
  distinct() %>% 
  left_join(., drug_disease_data, by = "trade_name") %>% 
  distinct() %>% 
  mutate(disease = str_replace(disease, " And ", "_"),
         disease = str_replace(disease, "High Blood Pressure \\(", ""),
         disease = str_replace(disease, "Copd \\(", ""),
         disease = str_replace(disease, "\\/Hyperactivity", ""),
         disease = str_replace(disease, "\\)", ""),
         disease = str_replace(disease, " Mellitus, Type 2", ""),
         disease = str_replace(disease, " Mellitus Types I", ""),
         disease = str_replace(disease, "Hepatitis", "Hepatitis C"),
         disease = str_replace(disease, "Hepatitis C B", "Hepatitis B"),
         disease = str_replace(disease, "Hepatitis C C", "Hepatitis C"),
         disease = str_replace(disease, "Hiv/Aids", "HIV/AIDS"),
         disease = str_replace(disease, " \\- ", "_"),
         disease = str_replace(disease, "Migraine", "Migraines")
         ) %>%
  separate(disease, into = c("disease", "remove"), sep = "\\_") %>% 
  select(-remove) %>% 
  separate(disease, into = c("disease", "remove"), sep = "\\(") %>% 
  select(-remove) %>% 
  separate(disease, into = c("disease", "remove"), sep = "\\;") %>%
  select(-remove) %>% 
  left_join(., final_NIH_funding, by = c("disease", "year")) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  distinct() %>% 
  mutate(disease = str_replace(disease, "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease", "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder"),
         disease = str_replace(disease, "Kidney Disease", "Chronic Kidney Disease"),
         disease = str_replace(disease, "Cardiac Ischemia", "Coronary Artery Disease"),
         disease = str_replace(disease, "Diabetes", "Diabetes Mellitus Types 1 & 2"),
         disease = str_replace(disease, "Bipolar Disorder", "Bipolar Mood Disorder"))

## Warning: Column `otc` joining factor and character vector, coercing into
## character vector

## Warning: Too few values at 29966 locations: 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370,
## 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462,
## 1463, 1464, 1465, ...

## Warning: Too few values at 32342 locations: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
## 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, ...

## Warning: Too few values at 33027 locations: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
## 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, ...

#joining for chronic
#need to include breast cancer, hepatitis b, hepatitis c, lung cancer, prostate cancer bc chronic disease set does not specify
#hepatitis
hepatitis_chronic = final_dataset %>%
  filter(str_detect(disease, regex("hepatitis", ignore_case = TRUE))) %>%
  pull(disease) %>%
  unique() %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  rename(disease = value)

#cancer
cancer_chronic = final_dataset %>%
  filter(str_detect(disease, regex("cancer", ignore_case = TRUE))) %>%
  pull(disease) %>%
  unique() %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  rename(disease = value)

#hiv/aids
hiv_aids_chronic = final_dataset %>%
  filter(str_detect(disease, regex("hiv", ignore_case = TRUE)) | str_detect(disease, regex("aids", ignore_case = TRUE))) %>%
  pull(disease) %>%
  unique() %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  rename(disease = value)

#combine hepatitis, cancer and hiv/aids with chronic diseases
chronic_diseases = rbind(chronic_diseases, hepatitis_chronic, cancer_chronic, hiv_aids_chronic)
chronic_diseases = chronic_diseases %>%
  unique()

#indicator of chronic disease
indicator_chronic_disease = vector()
indicator_chronic_disease[1:nrow(chronic_diseases)] = c("yes")
indicator_chronic_disease = as.tibble(indicator_chronic_disease)

#final chronic disease dataset with indicator column (y/n)
chronic_diseases_final = cbind(chronic_diseases, indicator_chronic_disease) %>%
  rename(chronic_disease = value) 
#formatting for exact matching
final_dataset$disease = trimws(final_dataset$disease, which = "right")
chronic_diseases_final$disease = trimws(chronic_diseases_final$disease, which = "both")
final_dataset$disease = tolower(final_dataset$disease)
chronic_diseases_final$disease = tolower(chronic_diseases_final$disease)

# Join final dataset and chronic disease dataset to complete analysis.
final_dataset = left_join(final_dataset,chronic_diseases_final, by = "disease")
final_dataset$chronic_disease[is.na(final_dataset$chronic_disease)] = "no"
final_dataset = final_dataset %>%
  mutate(disease_type = as.factor(recode(chronic_disease, 'no' = "acute", 'yes' = "chronic"))) 

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): Unequal factor levels: coercing to
## character

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
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## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

rm(chronic_diseases, indicator_chronic_disease, cancer_chronic, hepatitis_chronic, hiv_aids_chronic, chronic_diseases_1, chronic_diseases_2, chronic_diseases_3, chronic_diseases_1_html, chronic_diseases_2_html, chronic_diseases_3_html, chronic_diseases_final, patent_exclusivity, product_ingredient) #clean up workspace

Case Study : description and summary statistics of most advertised vs. most abused vs. most prescribed

Most Advertised

Most Abused

Most Prescribed

Analysis & Discussion

Josie

top_advertising_cost = c("Viagra")

#shiny application : most advertised (by spending) vs. most abused vs. most prescribed (by sales)
#another shiny application: give list of all "most" drugs and can see boxplot for that specific drug
final_dataset %>%
  filter(!is.na(disease) & !is.na(avg_price)) %>%
  filter(trade_name %in% top_advertising_cost) %>%
  group_by(trade_name) %>% 
  plot_ly(y = ~avg_price, type = "box", color = ~trade_name, colors = "Set3") %>%
  layout(title = "Distribution of Average Price for Top Advertised Drugs")

#shiny application: acute vs. chronic
final_dataset %>%
  filter(!is.na(disease) & !is.na(funding)) %>%
  mutate(disease = factor(disease)) %>%
  group_by(disease) %>%
  summarize(mean_funding = mean(funding)) %>%
  mutate(disease = fct_reorder(disease, mean_funding)) %>%
  plot_ly(x = ~disease, y = ~mean_funding, type = "bar")

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): Unequal factor levels: coercing to
## character

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

## Warning in mutate_impl(.data, dots): binding character and factor vector,
## coercing into character vector

Manali

Next, we looked to explore whether there was a relationship between prevalence and funding. While the number of diseases with the required complete data was relatively small, it appears from the scatterplot that when you have a low prevalence, there is a wide range of the average funding. As the prevalence increases the funding amount generally seems to be on the lower side. However, if you look more closely at which diseases are included, some interesting observations can be made. Many of the diseases with high funding are cancers, which have a low prevalence. This makes sense as there is a lot of research focused on cancer and new drug development. Most cancers have large subgroups with no good treatment options, so it makes sense that a large amount of funding is devoted to cancer. Some diseases with higher prevalence but lower funding are hypertension, migraines, ADD, and COPD, which do already have treatment options available on the market.

Then, we looked to determine whether funding correlated with drug prices. This does not really seem to be the case from the scatterplot. Along the entire range of funding amounts, most drugs still have relatively low prices. It is interesting that different drugs that treat the same disease seem to be largely clustered together. We see breast cancer treatments are unusually high in price, which again makes sense given what we know about cancer treatment.

#does funding correlate with drug prices?

final_dataset %>%
  #sample_n(50)%>%
  group_by(disease, funding, avg_price) %>%
  summarize(avg_funding = mean(funding, na.rm = TRUE)) %>%
  #plot_ly(x = ~funding, y = ~avg_price, type = "scatter")
  plot_ly(x = ~ avg_funding, y = ~ avg_price, type = "scatter", color = ~disease, text = ~paste('Disease:', disease))

## No scatter mode specifed:
##   Setting the mode to markers
##   Read more about this attribute -> https://plot.ly/r/reference/#scatter-mode

## Warning: Ignoring 2305 observations

## Warning in RColorBrewer::brewer.pal(N, "Set2"): n too large, allowed maximum for palette Set2 is 8
## Returning the palette you asked for with that many colors

Muhire

• We look at the yearly distribution of drug prices for a few drugs. Some drugs have skewed price distributions and the mean (instead of the mean) price might be the better measure to use in the analyses. Also, it might be worth creating a shiny app for people to view the price distributions for various drugs.

drug_price %>%
  filter(trade_name == "Abacavir") %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = unit_price)) + geom_violin(aes(fill = year), color = "blue", alpha = .5)

We created a spaghetti plot of the average price of drugs per year for each drug. We only used data on prices per drug unit (mainly per tablet). Information about the disease that the drugs treat can be seen by hovering over the plot. We notice that of the drugs with information on price per unit drug, the drugs for Hepatitis C seem to have the highest cost.

Possible case studies on most popular (perceived) drugs: Lipitor (Schizophrenia; not in dataset), Xanax (Panic Disorders, not in dataset), Celebrex (arthritis; not in dataset), Prozac (Depression; present in data. Price increased), Crestor, Nexium, Lisinopril, Zoloft (Panic Disorders; present in dataset. Almost doubled from 2013 to 2017)

final_dataset %>% 
  filter(disease %in% c("Obesity")) %>%
  filter(pricing_unit == "EA" & !is.na(disease)) %>% 
  plot_ly(x = ~year, y = ~avg_price, type = "scatter", mode = "lines", text = ~paste("Drug: ", trade_name, '<br>Disease:', disease), color = ~trade_name, alpha = 0.5) %>% 
  layout(showlegend = FALSE)

We also created a scatter plot of the mean NIH funding per drug (assumed to be the same as the NIH funding for disease research) against the demand of the drug (defined as the 2015 disease prevalence) colored by disease. Among drugs with available information on price per unit drug, obesity seems to have received the most funding on average and to have the highest 2015 prevalence.

final_dataset %>% 
  filter(pricing_unit == "EA" & !is.na(funding) & !is.na(prevalence)) %>% 
  group_by(trade_name, disease, prevalence) %>% 
  summarize(mean_fund = mean(funding)) %>% 
  plot_ly(x = ~prevalence, y = ~mean_fund, type = "scatter", alpha = 1, text = ~paste("Drug: ", trade_name, '<br>Disease:', disease), color = ~disease) %>%
  layout(showlegend = FALSE)

## No scatter mode specifed:
##   Setting the mode to markers
##   Read more about this attribute -> https://plot.ly/r/reference/#scatter-mode

## Warning in RColorBrewer::brewer.pal(N, "Set2"): n too large, allowed maximum for palette Set2 is 8
## Returning the palette you asked for with that many colors

MeOak

Project Website

#project website https://josiealford14.github.io/therealcostofdrugs/

Conclusion